Important Choice in of Mice and Men

Choices atomic number 18 made by alwaysy(prenominal) superstar at some point in bread and butter. Choices can be complicated or as simple as yes or no. Decisions can be troublesome or easy to make. Some extracts are impulsive period some study a lot of premeditation to make. In the novella, Of Mice and Men, written by George Steinbeck, George chose to murder his better(p) fri stop Lennie. Lennie and George were friends for a long prison term. They twain worked at a upraise to come upher. Lennie was ment bothy retarded and George took fright of him and watched over him. Through come in the buzz off away Lennie displays blind loyalty to George and their hope of a better lifespan.George is a very propelling character through the book while Lennie is constant displaying incredible amounts of physical enduringness and being dim witted. Killing Lennie was no easy task for George. This important choice was a choice that touch other(a)s, change George, and had to be motivate to be made. George was propel to turn thumbs down his friend, Lennie. Lennie had always loved to ducky soft things. He would often turn thumbs down mice just by petting them. Lennie had similarly obliterateed a puppy on accident. These incidents occurred kayoed of his innocence.He was unaware of his possess strength and killed animals because of it. Lennie killed Curleys wife in an effort to obviously pet her soft hair. A class of lot from the c each down chased Lennie and George from the farm in an effort to kill Lennie. Curley verbalize he emergencyed to kill Lennie in the just about painful way possible. George and Lennie effectively escaped their pursuit for a instruct minute. In this moment George tried to tranquillize Lennie down by reminding him of their shared day fancy of a better life. This involved them owning their own farm and tending rabbits for Lennie to pet.This undoubtedly brought Lennie to a calm place. In that moment when people began t o close in, George killed Lennie by shooting him in the back of the head. This act was influenced by the impending doom Lennie had coming. The other men from the farm that had chased Lennie would nonplus killed him much less(prenominal) peace generousy. If George did non do it, Curley would find make it much less humanely. While this actor for killing Lennie may seem to be merciful, what if George had killed him for selfish gain? George was held back by Lennie as long as he had been accompeverying him.This was not the first time they had gotten in trouble with the law. Lennie overly unbroken George from getting any type of amorous relationship or even a stable job. Is it possible George was motivated by his own selfish inclinations? Several factors influenced George to kill Lennie. Georges choice to kill Lennie was motivated by others but also affect him. It is reasonable to believe that George looked out for both Lennie and his own interest in deciding what how he must co nfront the power mentioned earlier. Killing Lennie unnatural Georges life in depth.In the entire book George and Lennie are depicted as being together. George would have to adjust to being slightly to a greater extent lonesome for the time being. Lennie was a assort to George but he was also a hindrance. George had said how Lennie glide bys him from doing many things. George was upset at this and said If I was alone I could get so easy. I could go get a job an work, an no trouble. No mess at all, and when the end of the month come I could take my fifty bucks and go into town and get whatever I want. Why, I could ride out in a cathouse all night.I could eat any place I want, hotel or any place, and order any damn thing I could conceptualise of. An I could do all that every damn month. Get a congius of whisky, or set in a pool room and play tease or shoot pool. Lennie knelt and looked over the put forward at the angry George. And Lennies baptistry was drawn in with terror. An whatta I got, George went on furiously. I got you You cant keep a job and you lose me ever job I get. Jus keep me shovin all over the country all the time. present George acts as if he doesnt want Lennie so it would be natural to learn that with Lennie dead George would be happy.On the contrary George is cross at the loss of his friend as he does not want to live an isolationist life analogous the other members of the counterpane. The choice George made affected him negatively from his own viewpoint but also allowed him to live a less tethered lifestyle. The adverse effects of this choice affected George the most. In addition to having affected George, this choice also affected others in the ranch. Lennie was the one most affected. Obviously Lennie died because of Georges decision to kill him. What could have happened had an alternate ending taken place?Instead of killing Lennie, George could have escaped and found other work. This scenario was spelled out in the beginn ing of the book when it says how the distich had left a ranch in Weed for undisclosed reasons. There is no reason why Lennie could have been spared in this fashion. Perhaps George realized the cycle that could have proceeded where they escape to another ranch and to find Lennie falls into the same(p) figure where they end up repeating the same steps over and over. In that slip of paper Georges decision was still the right one. Lennie did not understand what death was in its full sense.When he killed animals he did not care they were dead but wanted them for comfort. In the same way George killed Lennie while he was in a comforted state. Lennie most likely wanted it that way. When Lennie was killed, their dream of the ranch was also killed. This deeply hurt those like Candy and Crooks who emotionally invested in this dream that had become theirs as well. Candy insisted that George goes up and buys a farm anyway. The represented granting immunity and lack of prejudice for Candy and Crooks. When the cerebration was gone, they were very upset as their dreams of a better life did the same.Georges decision to kill Lennie affected others as well as him. The important choice to kill Lennie was a choice that was motivated by others, affected George and affected others. The decision was motivated by Curleys desire for revenge. George will be forced to live an isolationist life just like the other members of the ranch in the Great Depression. Crooks and Candys dream of an improved life was humble with Georges choice. Everyone has to make important choices in their life and they will usually be for the better and the worse.

Gamefowl Breeder

The establish realitypowert or locating of oft cartridge h dodderingers(prenominal) diagnostics Is accomplished by repeated Infusions of those despondence with dis keep mum c erstrn for genealogical integrity or so c entirely(prenominal)ed deal c all(a) in(a)(a). whole which f atomic number 18s is merely an expansion and shock shootment of those principles. finished proscribed the follo go ong pages you bequeath mark the pronoun l mathematical functiond oft quantify. It Is strictly a direction of writing. An informal conversation genius, as If we were talk unneurotic, which work pops for easier reading and cleargonr understanding(a).Definitely it is non a do it whole attitude or some(prenominal)(prenominal) desire to pose as an authority. kinda it repre displaces an h angiotensin-converting enzymest expression of opinion base upon my receive got experiences. Narragan associationt Ch cunninger 1 The Un pass judgmentties of Breeding The contagio us disease of hereditary characteristics is beyond the comprebiddysion of mankind. Our neat scientists corroborate identified, classified, named, and theorized upon the numerous factors involved, soon nice exhaust n constantly been open to create a living organism or to hazard with conclusion what the various elements in combination would release.Accordingly, it is no wonder that the around scientific practices consequent in tribulation, whereas an obscure and unlikely combination effortlessly bring step ups pbiddyomenal egresss. An voice of the last menti whizd dos to mind (a) The Berg luscious Muffs which first were produced by a 16-year-old boy from a wild combination of can rarify up domestic raspberry. (b) The worlds champion harness horse, spear Manning, which was sired by an obscure youth stallion mated to a slab sided m atomic number 18 which Warren W just hitched to his police w agon while delivering his yeast cakes. C) The Thomas W, stump spud family of Abraham dame which resulted from a stolen nest marriage of an unk directn relieve wholenessself and a upchuck chick which hatched and raised her mop of chicks upon the grounds of Mr.. Murphys neighbor, Abraham Strauss. Hence the name Abraham. These ar provided a some examples, no doubt you stern enumerate or so much than. They argon what I call draft ticket union. You buy a lottery ticket for 50 cents and win a thousand dollars. Occasionally. tho it lav be d wholeness and has been d star. It is the doing practice followed by most cockers.Once in a cracking while they hit the jackpot, besides 99% of the beat they demand to tear up the ticket and buy anformer(a)(prenominal) maven. From these examples you should admit that there Is no sure fire formula for producing 100% winners. The most that we crumb hope to do is feed a engender system which on just volition Improve your obtains AT sen cartridge clipnt above TTT level. 10 motivation result you exceed sun bevel dep abrogates upon your private qualifications of observation, selectivity and perseverance, remembering al ship focussing that there atomic number 18 a hundred prerequisites for winning a circumvent fight, and a thousand right smarts to lose one.Breeding is only one of the galore(postnominal) factors involved, precisely it is an fundamental one, so lets blow everywhere ear what we arsehole do to improve our chances in that honour. Chapter 2 Things to pilecel I despise the endpoint PURE as give to halting fowl. In my 45 historic period experience I neer be much(prenominal) to exist. Not patrimonialally splendid. You frequently hear alludeence to pure Hatch, or pure Keels, or pure Murphy. I knew intimately all three of these men during heir life prison terms yet neer once did I ever hear one of them use the terminal figure pure when referring to his hold or anyone elses fowl.They efficacy articulate this is what I call my number four yard, Ive bred them to grabher for several eld on with their offspring, except they be coming puny at present and moderni hardeneding a bit ticklish so I shrinkk following(a) year Ill put an other(a)(prenominal) one of my socks in there to stiffen them up. Or, Walter sent me this evade which Ive bred for a couple of age with cheeseparing success. further never my pure No. 4 yard or a pure Keels employ in. They knew that such(prenominal) affaires did non exist, and never had existed, all on their yards or anyone elses.So galore(postnominal) whiles people hold out a hen and a set up from a prominent stock reproduceers yards and there afterward refer to them as pure this, that or the other. Thats crazy. The engenderer himself, if he were honest, would non take up them in such terms. unspoiled because deuce sides of the mating came from the compar fit source does not make them pure. Far from it. Chances be that the prominent comprehende r has a dozen or more facts of life yards on his place. masterbably some of them argon more or slight related. around may be infixed or lingered to a slap-uper goal than the others. entirely it is a sealedty that no both(prenominal) of them atomic number 18 the equal, and not one of hem is pure.So how shag the fowl you conduct from him be pure in the genetic sense and thereby be open(a) of transmitting characteristics with unfailing certainty? My smashing objection to the word pure is the injure it does to cockers who lean upon such erroneous term and rely upon those MIS-named fowl to transmit systematically the characteristics for which the family is noted. Thats bad. Leads to all sorts of disappointments and loss of confidence. Breed call Breed names atomic number 18 another one of my pet peeves. People welt them around as if they were talk of the town intimately some stable uniform shopping center like salt or experienceing limit or soda.The truth is that such names so inaccurately describe the fowl organism discussed as to be often meaning slight. A bird is referred to as being a pure Dad Glenn Whitehall, or a consecutive Albany, or an stylish Carney. The bird may be a beloved one, so level best as that is concerned, unless so remote as his being what his name implied, its dollars to doughnuts that the relationship does not exceed 10%. Here once again the harm in employ beget names is that it misleads others into thinking that they atomic number 50 gratify the same wide-cut results as you restrain experienced simply by development a bird bearing the same hide name.The chances are that the 2 birds are not 5% related. For 32 age I was state distri exactlyor for devisal automobiles. Upon listless occasions customers would come in and announce Theres no need for you to give me a sales fight downch, I hit the sack all about a Dodge. So long as he was pleasant there was no need to grade witling, out ten tru th was Tanat play was not a nut, Dolt, Lemons, or engineering science principle which was the same in this present tense Dodge as in the two or three he had own previously. Only the name re mained unchanged. The same attitude exists in respect of breed names in game fowl.So, lets forget breed names and purity and examine the natural characteristics our stew fowl moldiness possess, for such characteristics form a basis or foundation for this bearing system. Chapter 3 What to go through For Gameness Proper track fowl inbred claim galore(postnominal) another(prenominal) substantial characteristics. Chief among them is that which commonaltyly is called gameness. There has been so much written on this military issue that I hate to mention it. all in all these three day tests, punishment tests, descriptive requirements have been worn threadbare. So Ill enshroud the subject here curtly and thusly drop it.If fowl do not measure up to my idea of gameness, I simply am not interest in them. Here it is An unquenchable aspiration to vote out. No matter what the conditions a lintel, behind, rattled, blinded, broken leg, no matter what. I want to condition my extend fix ever and evermore trying to kill his oppositeness. All defending chip or lying on his side, picking for an hour in a 120 degree sun does not impress me at all. If he is not trying with all his heart each fleck to kill his opponent, no matter of all hiticaps and draw, I unless am not interested. You bear continue the discussion as long as you wish, only when count me out.Proponents Lets go away with the take a shit. Do you think with the erudition of an ideal harp localize will be prospering? Dont kid yourself. No matter how much specie you spend, or how many high class events you attend, or how many acme cockers you know, your chances of procuring an ideal cut across organise on your first, second, or deuce-ace attempt is very low. You could instill metal(p renominal) on your first claim, but the chances are that you will not. hardly, dont give up. Persistence is one of the prime prerequisites of a successful breeder. In the first place the pee must be advocate. That is, he must be capable of pointing along his own excellent qualities to his offspring.There is no way of find out whether or not a limit possesses this quality of proponents other than by running game and experience. No matter how marvelous a factor he is himself, if he does not pass along such qualities to his offspring he is of no apprise to you. I have leaven countless instances, and probably you have excessively, where a fellow pay a rangy price for an outstanding exe ejecte elude only to have him produce nothing of merit. But because the fellow paid a big price for him he stuck with him year after year, and in the end it cost him many times the fender price through use the useless offspring.So be ever on the alive(p) for this quality of proponents. A keep in line either has it or he hasnt. But if he does not have it, heave him even off now. You cant change the situation, and you will only baseless many historic period and much money by obligateing by him, regardless of his source or price. The probabilities, and note that I say probabilities, for there is no certainty about it, are that a cook is more apt to be proponent if he is sanely lingered or immanent rather tan Delving ten harvest AT a TLS cross. You wall nave to tick off tens Trot ten man who bred him.Also you should tell if such cocks brothers, father, uncles on tot sides, and so forth , If they did, your chances are improved. But if you find unsubtle variations, where this fellow is merely an outstanding actualizeer in a widely inconstant and commonplace family, you had discover stop right there, for the prob capability of this guy reproducing himself is dim. Health Health. Robust, vigorous, exuberant health. Big appetite. Easy mould. Ever aggressive. terpsichore Busting Out All Over font of health. Its one of the most distinguished characteristics your concoct cook can possess.Without it you are not sledding to be able to go very far in the rearing line before you break down. Peter Horrors use to pay more attending to a fowls health record and that of his ancestors, and the conditions under which they where raised, than he did any other characteristic when selecting his predominate stock. So give this birth vast weight when selecting your own brood fowl. If you take over out with some spindly, weak, thin feathered inbred pure cook of such and such a breed name you are not breathing out to get very far. And the lasting you stick with him the more time and money you are outlet to waste.Power More or less the same importance attaches to the feature of power. You can improve his quality by bearing to big besotted brood hens, but each time you do it you are life away from the brood cook, thereby reducing his influen ce upon the line. Remember, what we are talking about now is the selection of a brood cook whose characteristics you wish to perpetuate. Accordingly, you should start out with power as a prime prerequisite. It is a top requirement for a successful prey cook, so dont handicap yourself from the outset by selecting a brood cook which is deficient in this repeat.Cutting High on the list of priorities for a brood cook is that of acute. If a cook does not have his quality I simply will not use him in the brood yard no matter how many other wanted qualifications he may possess. He may be healthy, game, strong as a bull, but if he is not a sterling(prenominal) cutter I am not interested in using him in the brood yard. Butting is largely a matter of blackguard pinpointing a direction of striking. It is astonishing how many socks strike on the curve of the blade, or with their hocks or the shag of their feet. Likewise, many socks never complete their slam.They dont follow through. In baseball parlance they bunt, or else of swing. Their wings may make a neat Mack which gives the erroneous motion-picture render of delivering a mighty blow, but their weenies are bunting instead of swinging. legion(predicate) times you will here someone say now he is acquiring banal he will begin to cut. And he does. But I always matte that such bang-up was more the result of the adversary standing legato or being immobile than it was of the first cook cutting better. In other words, he could hit a sitting shelve but not one on the fly. I am not strike by that sort of cutting. all shooter can hit a tin can consideration on a indeed post. I want ten Klan Tanat can molten on ten TTYL. It I for the nitty-gritty to follow the movements of a cocks angles. At leas it is for me. But almost anyone can natter the results of a blow. After each break down or exchange of blows if you carry out that one cook appears to have shrunk about a pound, you can be sure that the fe nce cook has done some potent cutting. Look where he hits. This is an obsession with me. If a cook does not nerve were he is hitting and strikes nothing, I want no part of him.So many socks have good leg action and strike by rights but dont look were they are striking. They buffer the air in all directions but hit nothing, wear themselves out and do no damage. On the other hand certain socks draw a dead, as gunners say, with every shot. If you are in the pit with him, or close by, you can mark his eyes focus upon a certain portion his opponents anatomy-head, mammilla, back- and strike within a quarter inch of where he is spirit. It does not take many blows so enjoin to bring an opponent down. One such crack is more effective than a hundred wild failings in the air.Years ago old M. J. Bowen sent me a expose which had won seven times in compendious heels in his first time and was up for his eighth fight. I told M. J. To cut it out and send him to me, which he did. When the lead astray arrived I was gusted with him, long flavourless bole, finalize shoulders, built Just like a confuse. Nothing prepossessing about him. But when I sparred him I could see those spangled eyes concentrate on a definite spot every stroke he hit with marksmanship accuracy, and in no time at all he had my prize brood cook on the ropes. He taught me a lesson I have never forgotten.Weaknesses Rare is the cook which does not have a failing of some sort. He may have a host of special K qualities, but if he has even one pronounce weakness his opponent is almost sure to find it and take usefulness of it. The weakness could be any one of many low- datedness, ducking,etc. You can breed out this weakness in time,but while doing so you are breeding out his good qualities as sound. The result is that his influence in the line becomes bewildered entirely and you might Just as heartying have started with him in the first place. You cant breed out the faults and remain the virt ues.When one goes they all go. So in selecting your brood cook make sure he has no prominent weakness which you must get rid of. Chapter 4 Fighting Characteristics No two pope agree on how a cook should fight. Even after a fight is over they seldom agree as to what enabled the one to win and caused the other to lose. One man is strike by certain characteristics the other man by diametric ones entirely. The character of heel used causes further difference of opinions if opinion. Undoubtedly all of us are influenced by our archean teachings. Subconsciously we remember what Uncle Ben or over-the-hill Man Smith told us years ago.Their teachings could be right or might well be wrong. Ive seen men whove been fleck chickens for 60 years who were the poorest Judges of a cocks battle form of anyone at pit side. Many times a mans married woman sees more, is more realistic and factual, and is a far better Judge than the cocker himself. The latter(prenominal) is handicapped by mischiefs and early teachings. The wife is not. She sees things as they are. Accordingly, it is vitally important for the cocker-breeder to develop a correct measure of fighting counterblasts AT Nils own. I T en does not ay tens Tree Trot prejudice or sentiment- he is not going to get far.We have al get discussed the important fighting characteristics of gameness, cutting, power, deliberate accurate striking, ability to remain punch, residue and the absence of any pronounced fighting weakness or fault. There are numerous features to be considered and evaluated. I call them my check sit. in front every mating season I go over them as they put one across to each individual in the brood pens. They serve as reminders, for it is so easy to forget or overlook important requirements. 1 . profuse(a)ness. I emphasize readiness as opposed to reckless and fatigued speed. firmness takes a chassis of forms (a) Quick to take advantage of an opening or opportunity. (b) Quick to beat opponent to the punch and withhold him off balance. (c) Quick to get a second lick in the same buckle. What boxers term the 1-2 punch Many times it is this second lick, delivered when the opponent is off balance or motionless, which does he damage. (d) Quick to kick instantly on both his own and his opponents bill hold. This is both an offense and defensive move. All long heel men are acutely awake of the importance of this characteristic, since a single failure could bring disaster. E) Quickness is largely a matter of reflexes which can be alter by conditioning, but it is also inherited, so be mindful of is existence. 2. Fight High. It is an advantage of a cook to fight over on top of his adversary rather than being underneath him at all times. This refers not merely to the opening break but throughout the mesh. whatever socks of course fight high, others tend to fight low. The style is largely inherited, so watch out for it when selecting your brood cook. 3. Reaching Out. Some socks fu lfill out in front of them with their blows much farther than others. Hose are usually the ones which are in first. At present I am breeding a cook, in chooseence to one of his many brothers, solely because he diges out so far with his blows. I first notice this while catching him when he was still ugly and wild. Overtime I try to grab him he hit me not on my hand but on my elbow. He really reached out every shot. He did the same thing in his employment. Dropped his man the first shot. One time I was fighting a main against tom Murphy who was the finest judge of a cocks fighting style I ever knew.After the main (which I won 5-4) he verbalise to me, l thought that second cook you fought was the best bird of the day. I felt complimented but at that time was in the prejudiced beauty stop and replied, rather preferred my fourth cook. He cast a withering eye at me such as a school teacher might use upon a second grader, and said, You did Well I didnt That second cook of yours br oke high, head back, feet way out front. Thats the kind that an kill you with one lick and thats Just what happened. It occurred years ago, but it was a lesson I never forgot. I hope to pass it along to you.Its what I mean when I said you must develop a standard of fighting characteristics of your own, free from prejudice and sentiment. 4. Finishing. Some socks tend to loaf once they get in front. Thats bad. It gives the opponent a chance to recuperate and to even up the battle with an effective blow of Nils own. Once a cook gets out Toronto en snouts Tallow up to Nils advantage. Nils Is t e time for him to signal his killer instinct and put his opponent away and because and there. One well known cocker put it this way,Any cook which knocks his opponent down then lets him get away is no cook at all. That is the time for the top cook to become doubly bitter and revengeful. If he doesnt, well, you heard what the man said. 5. High wellspring Years ago low-headiness was a common f ault among shorten socks of the northeast. The advent of fast heels and greater acquaintanceship with long heel fighting was reasonably well eradicated that blot though you still see occasional evidence of its existence. It is a serious fault. Avoid it. 6. Fight. Tom Foley who ran the famous pit at 7 SST. Marry Eave. , Troy, N,Y. Use to wheel up all these qualifications by using a single word. Dimmit all, he would say, they can FIGHT. By that he meant that the cook was get-up-and-go the battle all the way, aggressive at all times, lashing out with bully line shots, reduceing in better balance, ready instantly to shoot again, cutting every fly, sharpshooters he used to call them, constantly moving about , never allowing himself to be a standing target. l want to see him be doing something all the time, he used to say, I dont negociate what it is, but I want to see him be doing something and not Just standing around waiting to get killed. Tom didnt give one whoop for pedigrees , breed names, color, conformation, or anything else. He wasnt even too in use(p) about gameness.He wanted a cook that could FIGHT. 7. See For Yourself. Before utmost this chapter on Fighting Characteristics, lets go back to the initial statement which said,No two people seem to agree as to how a cook should fight. You are the breeder. You are the open who must make the initial selection of brood stock and as well as all the subsequent selections which equally thorough discrimination. How scientific disciplinefully you do this depends upon your own ad hominem observations and judgment. But one thing is certain you must absolutely see the fowl fight yourself. You can,t depend upon others. No two of them will see the bird or the fight the same way.If you accept the judiciousness of everyone, Dick, and Harry you will end up with a Hodge-podgy which cant lick anything. You, yourself must be consistent and persevering in what you are trying to accomplish in the brood yard. In ord er for you to do this you must absolutely see the individuals action yourself and pass judgment on their qualifications for fitting into your line. sequence after time I have visited a breeder who pointed with pride to a certain cook and said, am setting side this cook to breed then he would go on and on as to the marvelous qualities the cook has exhibited the battle as described by the flight simulator or handler.The breeder has not seen the fight. I had. I would not have accepted the cook as a demonstrate for breeding, fighting, or anything else. Wouldnt have him on the place. to date the breeder, accepting someone elses word, was going to breed him The breeder did not know that I had seen the fight, nor did I tell him. Why start an argument and lose friends? But it does show the absolute necessity for you yourself to see the cook in action and appraise his qualities match to your own standards. Deliberate Striking This is intimately related to Look where he hits. How many t imes have you been miles out In Toronto, to 20, Ana all Tanat when, Dang Ana well -Loretta alternate schnoz NAS dropped you cold? This was no accident, it happens all the time. It shows the honor of deliberate striking. Pay attention to it when selecting your brood cook. Holding His Punch In all probability you have seen a great big fine look cook, shoulders on him like an All American tackle, legs as big as a turkey, strong enough to pull a plough, yet at the ND of a few fittings could not lift his legs two inches from the ground, let alone cut or strike anything. No condition some peptides comments. Thats not it at all. Chances are that his inferior flavour opponent who is whaling the daylights out of him is not in nearly as good material shape. The difference between the two is a matter of back muscles. The homely looking bird has them. The big fine looking cook which is built like Apollo does not. The latter may well be able to pull a plough, but if he does not have well p ositive back muscles he is not going to kick very long. Which reminds me of the All Pro rootball player who went to a squire ranch.At the end of a four hour horseback ride the little scrawny wrangler hopped off as lively as could be. The football player Just sat there. He was so feisty and tired that he could not dismount, and would have been unable to stand if he had. The difference between the two men was that the alternate(a) had saddle muscles and the football player did not. He was help oneselfless even though he could have squashed the wrangler with one hand. This matter of back muscles seems to be a hereditary trait. You cant develop them a great deal through exercise or feeding. A cook either has them or he doesnt.You may be able to improve the deficiency by breeding the cook to hens which are well gift in this respect, but it is much better to start off with a cook which does not have such a deficiency. The only sure way to determine this important characteristic is to see him or his brothers in action. The trait seems to run in families. If one brother is good or bad in such respect, the other brothers are apt to be the same. Where this appears to be a hereditary trait it is especially important for you to be sure that your brood cook is well developed in this respect. Balance Proper balance is another characteristic of great importance.It, too, is hereditary. A cook must be a great cutter and all that even though ill balance, but he could do the job a lot easier if he were balanced properly. Besides, his sons very probably would inherit the bad balance without the old mans skill in cutting. Proper balances hard-fought to describe in words. It has to do with the position of the birds legs with respect to his dust, the shape of the body and its weight distribution, and a lot of other things. A ducks legs are set on ideally for swimming, but not for walking or striking. That gives you an misinform example.You look at enough game socks long enough with this thought in mind and pretty soon youll be able to see which ones are well balanced and which ones are not. Some families are far better balanced than others. A poorly balanced bird is apt to fall on his tail or his nose after delivering a blow, or land in a stilt which is worse. He is a sitting duck for a well- balanced bird. On the other hand a properly balanced bird will deliver his blow, land in sodding(a) balance ready instantly to strike again or avoid his opponents blow. One of ten great Dressers I ever Knew placed great store on tens Pensacola centralists.He call it balance and was ever and always referring to it. We use to jab fun at him by expression balance when he was not around, but he impressed the importance of this feature upon me, and I hope I can do the same for you. The only way you can procure balance is to breed for it. You cant change it by feed or exercise. A bird either has it or doesnt have it from day one for as long as he lives. So star t out by eyesight that your brood cook is properly balanced, for a deficiency in this respect is difficult to breed out of a family, Just as it is difficult to breed out low headiness or ducking. Size I dont like to breed from a big cook.About 5-4 for a cook in fighting trim or 4-14 for a cop is as large as I care to go. This matter of size is different for hens, bought we will go into that later. I want the cook to be full of action, cutting ability, and all the other pit qualities to be described later. But size is not a primary factor provided he is solidly built. As an example, right now I am breeding a cook which fought at 4-4 as a stag. He was full of action and cut. But I would not think of breeding his sister who was proportionally as small for a female. Youth vs. Age particularly in the brood yard. I am a great thinkr in youth.You hear about the grand old hen and the great $10,000 cook, but most of the time your best performers will come from youngish stock. Some peopl e term it in the percentage. I have the utmost respect for proven old producers, but most of the time age is a handicap. Certain mating of cook and hen will turn out phenomenal offspring. But even in this occurrence I would rather have the produce of their early years than after they were getting along. I have had a few such mating myself which I unplowed together for several years. Probably perennial than I should. But in every case the quality of their offspring dropped noticeably with each passing year.In my opinion more good families have been lost through endeavoring to perpetuate them through the use of old parents than from any other reason. Accordingly, if you are fortunate enough to locate a truly superior combination, plan to carry them on through the use of vigorous offspring of their antecedent years rather than breeding back to the original individuals after they have gone(p) by. This is particularly true of the hen. She may look and act like a pullet, but her pr oductive apparatus has deteriorated, even though you cant see it. For some reason or another the cook seems to last longer so far as reproductive qualities are concerned.Many times he turns out good ones as long as he remains vigorous and fertile. But such is not the case with the hen. My grand mentor,old Balance, absolutely refused to breed a hen after her fourth year. This theory or practice will offend many old timers, and they can hurl a barrage of evidence at me. But you can believe them or believe me. This has been my experience. Many times in the past tense I have tried to recreate famous old families by breeding to the Queen Bee of the dynasty. The grand old hen who was now a eager. One time Lenin constabulary sent me such a hen.Many of her sons had won at Orlando which at that time conducted the premier cocking event in America. I could scarcely believe my good fortune. Bred her the finest young cook that I owned. What GE A Duncan AT weaklings I guess Law Knew want en wa s long when en gave her to me. Hopefully in time you will have occasion to do a certain amount of inbreeding or line breeding. I endeavor to avoid intense consanguineous mating as far as possible, but in time it catches up with you. Under such circumstances carry on with the best specimens of your young stock in the family. The younger the better. Dont go back to your old worn out originals.This is contrary to general practice, but it is definitely my recommendation. Chapter 5 Physical Characteristics Many literature on breeding game socks begin, and end, with a description of the visible characteristics a good brood cook should possess. These writers consider such requirements of primary importance. In their opinion they ordain first. With me they rank last. Championship performers in all sports come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and colors. With me it is only the performance which counts. Physical heartsickness are important only until now as they enable the individual to pe rform more easily and effectively.We are not breeding fowl for beauty contests or to win a ribbon at the County fair, we are breeding them to win in the pit. There are certain physical characteristics, however, which enable a cook to perform more easily and effectively. They are no guarantee that the cook will do the Job, but only that he is not handicapped physically in such effort. We will discuss them here briefly in order that you may be on the lookout for them. Body in person I prefer a all-around(prenominal) body, where the keel bone is relatively short from rent to back, and also short from top to bottom.Such confirmation usually makes for good balance, the value of which has been discussed previously. I dont go for these excessively full(a) shouldered heavy breasted type with all the weight out front. The flat iron type. Such confirmation is a handicap to a cocks ability to cut. He is apt to straddle with his blows, since he cant close in with his shots due to that heavy br east getting in his way. Rather, I prefer for him to be built like a football-more or less pointed at both ends. Station I like for a cook to be above fair station, but not excessively so.The aloofness should be in the thigh bone, not in the shank or scurfy part. Length in the thigh enables him to reach out farther. Likewise a pronounced bend at the hock enunciate is essential. Somehow or another it seems to help in the cutting department. I never saw a cook whose legs were straight up and down like a storks which could cut much. If a cook is somewhat knock-kneed that is alright too. Its not pretty to look at, but nearly every knock-kneed cook is a cutter. Some people are real fussy about having a cocks heels set down close to his feet. Probably that is O. K. But I never paid much attention to it.Other things were more important. One thing which is essential is for his legs to be set on him properly so that he is in perfect balance. This usually means that his legs are set prett y well forward. One good Judge expressed the same thing in reverse by saying, l like to see plenty of body behind his legs. The old guy got me to start looking at a cook in the same way. Actually it is easier to see the amount of body behind the body than it is to see if the hip Joint is set well to the front. At least it is for me. other thing which you might look for is the way he walks. If he puts one foot

'Genetics of Obesity Essay\r'

'According to the WHO (2010), childhood fleshiness is one of the most safe public wellness challenges of the 21st century. Globally, in 2010 the piece of over encumbrance children under the progress of 5 is estimated to be over 42 million (WHO, 2010). Obesity can be defined in a number of ways, e.g. by population means, BMI and waist circle (Odgen, 2012). And jibe to Kleiser et al (2009), obesity whitethorn pick out several short-term consequences (e.g. accessible discrimination, depressive disorderer quality of life, step-upd cardiovascular put on the line factors, diseases like asthma) and long-term consequences were obesity is likely to persist into adulthood, were separates atomic number 18 more(prenominal) likely to develop noncommunicable diseases e.g. diabetes and cardiovascular disease at a a lot younger date. It is due to this that a groovy body of look within health psychology has focused on not only the consequences of obesity alone as well understand ing the causes of obesity, both communicable and environmental †this is what this essay will explore…. contagious science\r\nThere hit been several theories pitch forward by seek to ruff explain the causes obesity and one major potential causes is patrimonials. Maffeis et al (1998) show that obesity in parents was the strongest predictor of childhood obesity, disregardless(prenominal) of diet or level of activity. moreover recent research has prepare provide for this claim. Moreover, Wardle et al., (2001, 2006) reported that, discoverling for other environmental factors, children with obese parents preferred fatty regimens, had less liking for vegetables, were more likely to gourmandize had a loftyer preference for inactive activities than did children of normal weight parents. This is further modify by more recent research by Kleiser et al (2009) who found that the strongest epitope of obesity was obesity in parents.\r\npatronage the evidence for thi s relationship, Odgen (2012) states that parents and children not only lot genetic constitution but overly share very interchangeable environments, thence this relationship in the midst of child and enatic obesity could be contributed to either factor. However, according to Barlow (2013) twin studies pick out also countenance clearly demonst judged a genetic influence on body weight, accordingly strengthening the argument for the role of genetics in obesity. For instance studies mother found 25 †40 % of BMI is heritable and indistinguishable correspond raised apart have been found to have a correlation of .7, only slightly lower than that of twins raised together (Stunkard et al, 1990). Moreover espousal studies have also provided evidence for a genetic component in obesity, Skunkard (1986) found a strong relationship amidst the weight class of the adoptee and their biological parents and interestingly found no relationship with their adoptee parents’ weig ht class.\r\nResearch has also stated that factors such as metabolous rate (Bouchard, 1990) and appetite regulation may also have a role to play in causing obesity. Research in equipment casualty of metabolic rate has provokeed a low resting metabolic rate is a risk factor for weight assume (Tataranni, 2003), but in fact on that point is puny research to support this. In crabby there is no evidence to suggest that overweight people tend to have slightly higher metabolic grade than thin people of a similar height (Garrow, 1987; Odgen, 2012). A genetic predisposition may also be link up to appetite control. For instance, the discovery of leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, and other hormones that influence appetite, satiety, and fat distribution provides insight into metabolic mechanisms for physiological risk of obesity (Maes et al, 1997; Gale et al, 2004).\r\nResearch, although seen to be in its infancy has yielded support, e.g. Farooqi et al (1999) injected 2 participants daily with leptin, which resulted in decreased food uptake and weight loss at a rate of 1-2kg per month. According to Odgen (2012) there is strong evidence for a genetic basis to obesity, but it is how this genetic deflect expresses itself that remains unclear, due to the fact research on lowered metabolic rate has been widely refuted and the genetics of appetite control remain in its infancy. Furthermore, genetic studies are not without their criticisms. For instance small taste size, zygosity needs to be confirmed and over again the role of environmental factors cannot be ignored.\r\n behavior & Environmental factors\r\nTherefore in light of the above criticisms research has begun to more fully examine the extent to which an individual’s behaviour and/or environment can influence the development of obesity. As Barlow (2013) states that at a population level, the increase in prevalence is too speedy to be explained by a genetic shift; rather, it must result from chan ges in eating and physical activity behaviours that have shifted. A recent study by Kileser (2009) found independently of other factors, a positive association was observed\r\nbetween obesity and low SES, migration background (up to age 13), parental overweight, high weight gain during pregnancy (when the mother is of normal weight), motherly smoking during pregnancy, high birth weight, and high media consumption, as well as a negative association with sleep eon for 3- to 10-year olds.\r\n'

'Friedrich Nietzsche Essay\r'

' existential philosopher ism provides a go account of the agony of be in the arena. The spirit of existen- tialism has a long narrative in school of scene. But it be- came a major attempt in the second half of the twentieth century. Existentialism is non a doctrinal body of ideal analogous Marxism or psychoanalysis. Instead, it is more like an umbrella under which a very coarse range of thinkers struggled with ques- tions about the essence of life. lots of the appeal and popularity of Existential- ism is due to the esthesis of confusion, the crisis, and the feeling of rejection and rootlessness that Euro- peans felt during World cont demolition II and its af frontierath.\r\nExistentialism’s point on all(prenominal) person’s piece in cre- ating heart in their life was a major work out on the Pheno menological and charitableistic imposts in psychological science and on the â€Å" pitying potential” move- ment that protruded from them. Re ne Descartes (1596-1650) said, â€Å" curtail your- self rather than the world. ”. To modwhite-tailed sea eagle existential- ists this performer that the World itself has no real meaning or purpose. It is non the unfolding expres- sion of clement Destiny or a divine plan, or hitherto a position of natural laws.\r\nThe only meaning is that which we curb by bears of will. To fox a substantive life we lose to act. But we should act without hope. Acting is meaningful moreover it doesn’t create meaning that lasts beyond the acts themselves or beyond our consume life judgment of conviction. You be what you do †while you argon doing it †and then no function. (Very depressing. ) In The Myth of Sisyphus, Albert Camus (pronounced â€Å"Kam-moo”) (1913-1960) describes life as a kind of hopeless, endless, up hammock labor. Hence, the only real problem is that of suicide. Yet, he rejects nihilism; for the kind cosmos essential fight and neer stomach defeat.\r\nThe problem is to be a saint without a God. The last ideal pull ins place eitherday. The com cholerice cosmos must(prenominal) do his outmatch, try for what he tush within the confinements of his n angiotensin-converting enzyme. Camus describes Sisyphus condemned by the gods to push a st wiz up a hill over and over, only to bewilder it freewheel back down singlely clipping he r to apiece onees the top. A task that shtup neer be completed. But he finds meaning in the circumstance that Sisyphus at least gets to decide each time whether to carry on or end it all. Camus says, â€Å"The struggle itself toward the heights is enough to pig out a domain’s heart.\r\n hotshot must imagine Sisyphus happy. ” Although there merchant ship never be any meaning in Sisy- phus’ task, there is meaning is choosing each time to continue. Despite encompassing a staggering range of phi- losophical, spiritual, and political ideologies, the ce ntral concepts of existential philosophical system argon simple: homophile raceity macrocosm has free will. Life is a serial publication of excerpts, creating stress. Few decisions are without any cast out conse- quences. Some things are ir perspicacious or absurd, without explanation. If one exacts a decision, he or she must follow through. Notes on Existentialism by Tanweer Akram.\r\nThe fundamental problem of existentialism is con- cerned with the study of organism. The homophile being existence’s existence is the stolon and basic fact; the gracious be- ing has no essence that comes in advance his existence. The servicemanity world, as a macrocosm, is nought. This tip and the non-existence of an essence is the central source of the shore leave the human macrocosmness faces in each and every moment. The human world Notes on Existentialism Compiled for PSY 345 (Fall 2004) Existentialism Notes 2 has liberty in put one over of his situation, in dec isions which makes himself and sets himself to solves his problems and\r\n peppy in the world. Thrown into the world, the human cosmos is con- demned to be free. The human macrocosm must take this granting immunity of being and the certificate of indebtedness and guilt of his activenesss. Each action negates the former(a) possible courses of action and their consequences; so the human being must be accountable without excuse. The human being must not slip external from his re- sponsibilities. The human being must take deci- sions and assume responsibilities. on that point is no sig- nifi clearce in this world, this beingness. The human being coffin nailnot find any purpose in life; his existence is only a contingent fact.\r\nHis being does not emerge from necessity. If a human being rejects the erroneous pretensions, the illusions of his existence hav- ing a meaning, he encounters the absurdity, the fu- tility of life. The human being’s role in the world is not prede termined or fixed; every person is com- pelled to make a choice. superior is one thing the human being must make. The vex is that near oftentimes the human being refuses to opt. Hence, he dopenot suck up his license and the futility of his existence. basically existence is of two types: authentic and unauthentic forms of existence.\r\nAuthentic existence is contrasted with dynamic and is the being-for- itself, hike from the human being’s lamentable faith, by which the human being moves a delegacy from the bur- den of state, through this beliefs in principle and by regarding himself as subject to out of doors in- fluences and his actions to be predetermined. There is a contact lens contrast between the authentic and the imitative forms of being; the authentic being is the being of the human being and the inau- thentic being is the being for things. Yet, authentic being is only seldom attained by the human being; still it is what the human being must strive to gain.\r\nThe inauthentic being-in-itself is characteristically characteristic of things; it is what the human being is diseased with for his disaster to see himself as and act jibe as a free element and his impotency to reject unfavourable faith. Things are only what they are. But the human being is what dirty dog be. Things are deter- mined, fixed, and rigid; the human being is free; he force out add essence to his life in the course of his life and he is in a constant state of liquidise and is able to comprehend his situation.\r\nThe human being does not live in a pre-determined world; the human be- ing is free to realize his locates, to materialize his dreams; hence, he has only the indispensability he forges for himself because in this world nothing happens out of necessity. The human being hides himself from exemption by self-deception, acting like a thing, as if he is a pas- sive subject, alternatively of realizing the authentic be- ing for the human being; this is detrimental faith.\r\nIn bad faith, the human being shelter himself from re- sponsibility by not noticing the dimensions of al- ternative courses of action facing him; in bad faith, the human being behaves as separates demand of him by conforming to the al-Qaidaards of accepted values and by adopting roles designed for him; in bad faith, the human being loses the autonomy of his moral will, his freedom to decide; in bad faith, the human being imprisons himself within inauthentic- ity for he has ref utilise to take the challenge of re- sponsibility and the dread that comes along with his freedom.\r\n fretting ascends from the human being’s realiza- tion that the human being’s destiny is not fixed but is open to an unresolved future of infinite possi- bilities and limitless chain of mountains: The emptiness of fu- ture destiny must be filled by making choices for which he alone will assume responsibility and blame.\r\nThis anxiety is present at every moment of the human being’s existence; anxiety is part and separate of authentic existence. Anxiety leads the human being to take decisions and be pull. The human being tries to exclude this anguish through bad faith. But the free human being, in his legitimacy, must be involved; for his own actions are only his, his responsibility is to himself, his being is his own.\r\nThe human being must be com- mitted. To be committed means not to support this in place of that, but to attach a human being’s make sense- ity to a cause; it is the human being’s existential freedom that leads to total commission. existentialist philosopher thinkers begin from the human situa- tion in the world; the condition of despair, the modes of existence, the human being’s tendency to avoid authentic existence, his relation to things, his own body, and to some new(prenominal) beings, with whom he can- not come into true communication, and the sufferings of life.\r\nStarting from the stu dy of being, each existentialist philosopher thinkers kickoffate their own doc- trines, with their own focus on particular as- pects. Very often their viewpoints is conflicting and sometimes contradictory; even this philosophi-cal attitude of being, as a whole, can be described as the existentialist movement, which stresses upon the â€Å"being” of the human being.\r\nExistentialism Notes 3 Additional Notes on Existentialism Existentialism, philosophic movement or ten- dency, emphasizing separate existence, freedom, and choice, that twistd many diverse writers in the nineteenth and 20th centuries. Major Themes Because of the diversity of positions associated with existentialism, the term is impossible to define precisely. Certain origins commonplace to virtually all existentialist writers can, however, be identified.\r\nThe term itself suggests one major theme: the stress on concrete someone existence and, consequently, on subjectivity, man-to-man freedom, and choice. lesson Individualism Most philosophers since Plato have held that the highest estimable good is the same for everyone; inso- far as one approaches moral perfection, one resem- bles other morally perfect privates. The 19th- century danish pastry philosopher Soren Kierkegaard, who was the first writer to call himself existential, reacted against this tradition by insisting that the highest good for the individual(a) is to find his or her own incomparable vocation.\r\nAs he wrote in his journal, â€Å"I must find a the true that is true for me . . . the idea for which I can live or die. ” Other existentialist writers have echoed Kierkegaard’s belief that one must choose one’s own way without the aid of universal, aim standards. Against the traditional view that moral choice involves an intention judgment of right and wrong, existentialists have argued that no objective, reasonable basis can be found for moral decisions. The 19th-century German philo sopher Friedrich Nietzsche further contended that the indi- vidual must decide which situations are to count as moral situations.\r\nSubjectivityAll existentialists have followed Kierkegaard in s tressing the importance of passionate individual action in decision making questions of both morality and truth. They have insisted, accordingly, that per- sonal fuck and acting on one’s own convic- tions are essential in arriving at the truth. Thus, the understanding of a situation by someone involved in that situation is superior to that of a detached, objective observer. This emphasis on the perspec- tive of the individual agentive role has also made existen- tialists suspicious of systematic reasoning.\r\nKierke- gaard, Nietzsche, and other existentialist writers have been on purpose unsystematic in the exposi- tion of their philosophies, preferring to express themselves in aphorisms, dialogues, parables, and other literary forms. Despite their antirationalist position, howeve r, well-nigh existentialists cannot be said to be irrationalists in the sense of denying all validatedity to rational intellection. They have held that rational clarity is suitable wheresoever possible, but that the most authorized questions in life are not accessible to reason or science. Furthermore, they have argued that even science is not as rational as is commonly supposed.\r\nNietzsche, for instance, take a firm stand that the scientific assumption of an orderly universe is for the most part a serviceable fiction. Choice and Commitment Perhaps the most prominent theme in existentialist writing is that of choice. Humanity’s primary winding dis- tinction, in the view of most existentialists, is the freedom to choose. Existentialists have held that human beings do not have a fixed nature, or es- sence, as other animals and plants do; each human being makes choices that create his or her own na- ture. In the formulation of the 20th-century french philosopher Jean P aul Sartre, existence\r\nprecedes essence. Choice is therefore central to human exis- tence, and it is unavoidable; even the refusal to choose is a choice. exemption of choice entails com- mitment and responsibility. Because individuals are free to choose their own path, existentialists have argued, they must accept the risk and respon- sibility of following their commitment wherever it leads. Dread and Anxiety Kierkegaard held that it is spiritually of the essence(p) to rec- ognize that one experiences not only a fear of spe- cific objects but also a feeling of general apprehen- sion, which he called dread.\r\nHe interpreted it as God’s way of calling each individual to make a commitment to a personally valid way of life. The intelligence agency anxiety (German Angst) has a similarly cru- cial role in the work of the 20th-century German philosopher Martin Heidegger; anxiety leads to the individual’s confrontation with void and with the impossibility of finding ult imate justifica- tion for the choices he or she must make. In the philosophy of Sartre, the raillery nausea is used for the individual’s recognition of the pure contin- gency of the universe, and the word anguish is used for the recognition of the total freedom of choice that confronts the individual at every mo- ment.\r\nExistentialism Notes 4 report Existentialism as a clean-cut philosophical and liter- ary movement belongs to the 19th and 20th centu- ries, but elements of existentialism can be found in the thought (and life) of Socrates, in the Bible, and in the work of many pre current philosophers and writers. dada The first to anticipate the major concerns of mod- ern existentialism was the 17th-century cut phi- losopher Blaise dada.\r\nPascal rejected the rigorous rationalism of his contemporary Rene Descartes, asserting, in his Pensees (1670), that a systematic philosophy that presumes to let off God and hu- manity is a form of pride. the like later existentia list writers, he motto human life in name of puzzlees: The human self, which combines mind and body, is itself a paradox and contradiction. Kierkegaard Kierkegaard, generally regarded as the founder of modern existentialism, reacted against the system- atic absolute idealism of the 19th-century German philosopher G. W. F. Hegel, who claimed to have worked out a total rational understanding of hu- manity and history.\r\nKierkegaard, on the contrary, stressed the equivocalness and absurdity of the human situation. The individual’s response to this situation must be to live a totally committed life, and this commitment can only be understood by the indi- vidual who has made it. The individual therefore must always be prepared to defy the norms of soci- ety for the sake of the high authority of a person- ally valid way of life. Kierkegaard ultimately advo- cated a â€Å" limit of faith” into a Christian way of life, which, although incomprehensible and full of risk, wa s the only commitment he believed could save the individual from despair.\r\nNietzsche Nietzsche, who was not acquainted with the work of Kierkegaard, influenced subsequent existential- ist thought through his criticism of traditional metaphysical and moral assumptions and through his espousal of tragical pessimism and the life- affirming individual will that opposes itself to the moral abidance of the majority. In contrast to Kierkegaard, whose attack on conventional moral- ity led him to advocate a radically individualistic Christianity, Nietzsche proclaimed the â€Å" expiration of God” and went on to reject the perfect Judeo- Christian moral tradition in favor of a heroic ethnic ideal.\r\nHeidegger Heidegger, like Pascal and Kierkegaard, reacted against an attempt to sick philosophy on a conclu- sive rationalistic basisâ€in this case the phenome- nology of the 20th-century German philosopher Edmund Husserl. Heidegger argued that almsgiving finds itself in an incom prehensible, indifferent world. Human beings can never hope to under- stand why they are here; instead, each individual must choose a goal and follow it with passionate conviction, cognizant of the certainty of death and the ultimate folderal of one’s life. Heidegger contributed to existentialist thought an original em- phasis on being and ontology as well as on lan-\r\nguage. Sartre Sartre first gave the term existentialism general silver by using it for his own philosophy and by becoming the leading radiation pattern of a distinct move- ment in France that became internationally influen- tial after World War II. Sartre’s philosophy is ex- plicitly atheistic and pessimistic; he declared that human beings require a rational basis for their lives but are unable to achieve one, and thus human life is a â€Å"futile passion. ”\r\nSartre nonetheless insisted that his existentialism is a form of humanism, and he strongly emphasized human freedom, choice, and respo nsibility. He eventually tried to reconcile these existentialist concepts with a Marxist analy- sis of ordination and history.\r\nExistentialism and Theology Although existentialist thought encompasses the uncompromising atheism of Nietzsche and Sartre and the agnosticism of Heidegger, its origin in the intensely religious philosophies of Pascal and Kierkegaard foreshadowed its profound influence on 20th-century theology. The 20th-century Ger- man philosopher Karl Jaspers, although he rejected explicit religious doctrines, influenced contempo- rary theology through his preoccupation with tran- scendence and the limits of human experience.\r\nThe German Protestant theologians Paul Tillich and Rudolf Bultmann, the French Roman Catholic theologian Gabriel Marcel, the Russian Orthodox philosopher Nikolay Berdyayev, and the German Jewish philosopher Martin Buber transmitted many Existentialism Notes 5 of Kierkegaard’s concerns, especially that a per- sonal sense of authenticity and commitment is es- sential to religious faith. Existentialism and publications A number of existentialist philosophers used liter- ary forms to convey their thought, and existential- ism has been as critical and as extensive a movement in literature as in philosophy.\r\nThe 19th-century Russian novelist Fyodor Dostoyevsky is probably the greatest existentialist literary figure. In Notes from the Underground (1864), the anomic anti- hero rages against the optimistic assumptions of rationalist humanism. The view of human nature that emerges in this and other novels of Dostoyevsky is that it is unpredictable and per- versely self-destructive; only Christian love can save humanity from itself, but such love cannot be understood philosophically.\r\nAs the character Alyo- sha says in The Brothers Karamazov (1879-80), â€Å"We must love life more than the meaning of it. ” In the 20th century, the novels of the Austrian Jew- ish writer Franz Kafka, such as The ravel (1925; tr ans. 1937) and The Castle (1926; trans. 1930), present isolated men confronting vast, elusive, menacing bureaucracies; Kafka’s themes of anxi- ety, guilt, and solitude echo the influence of Kierkegaard, Dostoyevsky, and Nietzsche.\r\nThe in- fluence of Nietzsche is also discernible in the nov- els of the French writers Andre Malraux and in the plays of Sartre. The work of the French writer Al- bert Camus is usually associated with existential- ism because of the bump in it of such themes as the probable absurdity and futility of life, the indifference of the universe, and the necessity of interlocking in a just cause. Existentialist themes are also reflected in the subject of the absurd, nota- bly in the plays of Samuel Beckett and Eugene Ionesco.\r\nIn the United States, the influence of exis- tentialism on literature has been more confirmative and diffuse, but traces of Kierkegaard’s thought can be found in the novels of perambulator Percy and stool Up- dike, and various existentialist themes are apparent in the work of such diverse writers as Norman Mailer, John Barth, and Arthur Miller. Conclusion Existentialists make endless claims.\r\nThey never bother to show how they reached their claims or if these are, indeed, true. The existentialists when he pretends to present a representation of earth pro- vides no cognition; unverifiable assertions may well express powerful and even necessary emo- tions and passions, but that’s best left to the arts and literature. Existentialism is a highly passionate philosophy and, from the outset, seems to aim at a dynamic and modernistic life-style.\r\nAlso it is mostly unsys- tematic and pays little care to logic or science. Whatever one makes of its metaphysical claims, one cannot deny that existentialism was able to provide a lamentable account of the spirit of the con- temporary world and the nausea and frustration of survival. Indeed, it is basically for its magnificence in psychologica l insight and its cushion on culture that existentialist philosophy will continued to be stud- ied.\r\n'

'Heroes and Villains in Postmodernism Essay\r'

'Postmodernism is a creative exploit that is said to vex originated in the 1950s. As the name suggests, it is the successor of modernism, and the experience custodyt of postmodernistististististististism is overt in non tot entirelyy literature, save overly different creative disciplines often(prenominal) as architecture, music, fashion, dash and painting. Postmodernism was created as a reaction to its predecessor, and its â€Å"rational, scientific, and historical aspects”. This results in postmodernism macrocosmnessness self-conscious, ironic, and experi act upon forcetal, concerned with the instability and unreliability of language, and with epistemology, the con military positionr of what spangledge is.\r\nIn saying this, the aspiration of postmodernism is non to shock the bourgeoisie gentle mankind, as the avant-garde movement arguably does, entirely to ch separately(prenominal)enge it- two by step- bolt down it to its natural state, and by gathering how algid it tail finish be stretched beyond its alert ideas. Postmodernism does this by introducing deconstruction and disintegration to head look our ideas of certainty, identity and the truth; and by the tender function of hyper naive realism, pastiche, bricolage, repeat vitrines, irony, beginningial intrusions, non-linear narrative and self-reflexivity to stimulate more(prenominal) than than than financial aid to the knowledge base foreign of the text as a place of the world inside it.\r\nThere is a true breakdown of what we know to be true, what we expect, and what we argon fitted to count, and this is certainly reflected in the depictions of heroes and baddies in spite of appearance postmodern texts. This investigation looks into the piece of heroic and villainous characters in postmodernist texts, the aspects of the postmodern world that is portrayed by these characters and how they developed, in relation to the societal and policy-makin g changes that were gasoline to the flames of postmodernism.\r\nThe characters that will be apply to investigate this be the superhero Batman, and angiotensin converting enzyme of his arch-nemeses The jokester, development the necessitates Batman Begins and The pertinacious Knight, two(prenominal) directed by Chris coronateher Nolan, and the graphic reinvigorateds bomb pen by Brian Azz bello, and The Killing Joke, written by Alan Moore; Shrek from the film Shrek, directed by Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson; he-goat Pilgrim from the falsehood shambles Five by Kurt Vonnegut; and Patrick Bateman from the falsehood Ameri preempt psychotic person by Bret Easton Ellis.\r\nThese texts form the wide-ranging reaches of postmodernism, including two what the great unwashed whitethorn class as â€Å"literature” and â€Å" caboodle refining” as distinctive examples of postmodernism. However, in affairfielding these texts, it is stimulate to render the at se a personality of postmodernism by the creation of the antihero- a sponsor who lacks the traditionalistic heroic qualities, who is flawed, who the interview is ultimately able-bodied to espy themselves in.\r\nHow do the texts themselves reflect postmodernism?\r\nThe literary label of â€Å"postmodernism” keep be applied liberally, and encompasses a thumping number of texts, with differing postmodern qualities prime in each one. However, over the range of texts that is being investigated in this report, on that point argon al closely aspects that stand out more understandably than some others. As this report focuses on heroes and villains within the texts, we will maidenly look at the texts that were used to analyse the characters of Batman and the Joker.\r\nThe texts used to study the Batman include The Dark Knight, Batman Begins, Joker, and The Killing Joke. each of these texts are set in the fictitious city of Gotham, New York, which is a postmodern setting that contains us sensible of veneering widespread social meltdown in which it is becoming more and more more baffling to draw a separation in the midst of law and anarchy, resolution and terrorism, and sanity and madness. This shifting, sliding, disintegrating world is clearly portrayed in all of Nolan’s, Moore’s and Azzarello’s maneuver.\r\nThis postmodern setting, an arguably dystopian Gotham, is infested with crime and corruption, and fear and scruple is abound- the people of the city suffer non trust the authorities, nor can they trust any of the social or policy-making institutions that they were brought up to believe in. This reflects the postmodern idea of disintegration- the dissolving of social norms and institutions on which more people based their drop deads, the remotion of the â€Å"absolute”.\r\nThe impressions that the citizens of Gotham face are non just now active right and wrong, or well and evil, they are vicious vir tuous dilemmas presented by psychopathic and unpredictable villains. Also, the hyperrealistic disposition of the violence that is envisioned in both the films and the graphic romances is withal a postmodern aspect of these texts.\r\nFor example, in the graphic new, Joker, when a mob boss who went against the Joker was flayed hot and paraded on to a strip monastic lay stage; or when Harvey cacography’s hired detective/thug is snapshot in the head and hung upside down from a tree on the thou of Dent’s mansion and Dent understands him in the morning, dripping brain subject field over his newspaper. Hyperreality is a deliberate blurring of the boundaries mingled with fantasy and reality, and the portrayal of hyperreal violence in postmodern texts is common, as they distort reality by a trivialization of violence and the set up it has upon gracious beings.\r\nHyperreal violence is as well as found in the brisk American Psycho, in which Patrick Bateman, a yuppie Wall Street banker by day, and psychotic murderer by night, commits ghastly murders and sexual acts everlastingly end-to-end the fabrication, which are divulged with chillingly accurate detail. By the end of the novel, the commentator is numbed to the graphic descriptions of violence and gore, evaluate them as fibre of his e genuinelyday life, skillful as normal as him onlyton to work and engaging in pointless conversation with his accomplices.\r\nHowever, in American Psycho, the roughly obvious, and some often considern, characteristic of postmodernism is its constant annexes to brand names, project culture and the integrated world that Bateman is a opus of. As the novel is written in a watercourse-of-consciousness expression from Bateman’s point of view, the endorser sees his thoughts as he passes shallow, superficial psyche on virtually eitherone he sees. Bateman’s thoughts as he and his girlfriend Evelyn service a somay are a goo d indication of the tone of the novel:\r\nâ€Å"Evelyn and I are by further the best-dressed couple. I’m eroding a lamb’s wool topcoat, a wool jacket with wool washcloth trousers, a cotton dress, a cashmere V-neck perspirer and a silk tie, all from Armani. Evelyn’s eating away a cotton blouse by dolce do Gabbana, suede spot by Yves Saint Laurent, a stenciled calf call up by Adrienne Landau with a suede clap by Jill Stuart, Calvin Klein tights, Venetian-glass earrings by Frances Patiky Stein, and clasped in her clear is a single white rosebush that I bought at a Korean deli before Carruthers’ limousine picked me up.\r\nCarruthers is wearing a lamb’s wool sport coat, a cashmere/vicuña cardigan sweater, sawhorse twill trousers, a cotton shirt and a silk tie, all from Hermès. (â€Å"How tacky,” Evelyn whispered to me; I silently agreed.) Courtney is wearing a triple-layered silk organdy top and a long velvet skirt with a fishta il hem, velvet-ribbon and beautify earrings by José and Maria Barrera, gloves by Portolano and shoes from Gucci.”\r\nThe constant allusions to brand names, fashion trends and collections, make the novel a part of, and a product of, the world external of the text, the consumerist association we acquire today. Un same(p) the fictional, dystopian city that Batman and the Joker do it in, Bateman lodges in a world that we are advantageously able to relate to- our world. We, as the reader, cast our attention called to the accompaniment that the world the characters in the novel are experiencing is the same world that we live and take part in.\r\nThis is unlike most modernist novels, in which the boloney and its characters are intent to the world created in the novel, and the reader is only able to experience them through the windows of the novel. References to pop culture feature prominently across postmodernist texts, as seen clearly in the film Shrek. Although inten ded as a children’s film, the films are a double-dyed(a) example of a postmodern fairytale. The films themselves are extremely intertextual, creating a storey with galore(postnominal), many fairytale characters woven into the one tosh, much(prenominal) as the Wolf from Little release Riding hooligan, the Three Little Pigs, the pansy Godmother and the Gingerbread Man, among many others.\r\nThis intertextuality in itself is a reference to popular culture, citing triplex fairytales, stories, and nursery rhymes for many of the principal(prenominal) characters. Other references to the world outside of the text include Robin Hood and his Merry Men dancing to Riverdance; Princess Fiona retardent down in clock time like Neo in film The intercellular substance time she is fighting; references to the film The Princess Bride; and mimicking the style of game shows and dating shows, for example when the reverberate on the Wall introduces Princess Fiona in a bachelorette-dati ng style.\r\nThe directors besides use irony at the start of the film Shrek, as the spring scene of the film has a storyteller telling the story seriously as a fairytale, when Shrek interrupts this and mocks the author when he says, â€Å" yeah right.” and tears the page out of the book. non only does the use of irony and irritability in this scene make the listening aware that the ogre we are introduced to is non a stereotypical one, we excessively see an interaction between the author and character, a barrier which is broken in postmodern texts to highlight that the text is a work of fiction.\r\nThe earreach is also made aware of this as Shrek acknowledges the camera or audience when he turns to the camera and blocks it before snuggling Fiona. This shows that the film is self-reflexive, the characters of the film are aware of film-making and its tools. The use of much(prenominal) postmodern proficiencys embeds the story of Shrek in a world that the audience is a ware of, and while it may not fully be the reality we live in, it is one that we have grown up with and are comfortable with. Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five uses identical techniques to assert its postmodernism.\r\nIt references popular culture, noteing Christmas carols, novels (a character refers to the novel â€Å"The Brothers Karamazov”, by Fyodor Dostoevsky, as â€Å"everything in that respect was to know nigh life”) and history books nearly one of the main events of the novel, the fire-bombing of Dresden. However, despite these links to the outside world, the reader gets constant reminders of the fact that this book is fictional.\r\nThe author, Vonnegut is present as a character in the book, as a soldier, a POW taken to Dresden along with he-goat, making occasional comments, and then informing the reader that â€Å"That was I. That was me. That was the author of this book.” The intrusion of the author into the narrative is also shown t hrough the recurring vocalize â€Å"So it goes”, which follows each mention of death:\r\nâ€Å"The plane crashed on top of Sugarbush Mountain, in Vermont. Everyone was killed that Billy. So it goes. composition Billy was recuperating in a infirmary in Vermont, his wife died accidentally of carbon-monoxide poisoning. So it goes.”\r\nThe use of the non-linear narrative bodily structure is also a postmodern aspect of the text- the main protagonist travels randomly through time, experiencing the events in non-chronological order. For example, his death is merely four sentences in the middle of the novel, described as merely being â€Å"violet light and a hum.”\r\nSimilar to American Psycho, the usual logical implication of death is not present in the novel. However, while in American Psycho the reader was slowly desensitized towards death, in Slaughterhouse-Five, death apparently does not matter, which challenges all the readers’ conceive notions abo ut death, and the sanctity of it.\r\nThe temporal structure of the novel reflects what the alien Tralfamadorians teach Billy of their beliefs about time, that it is an â€Å"assemblage” of moments quite a than a linear progression. This means that they are able to accept death as a perpetually occurring event, hence their use of the phrase â€Å"So it goes”.\r\nAnother postmodern technique is the use of recurring characters: the character of Kilgore Trout, a science fiction writer, appears in Vonnegut’s other novels; Eliot Rosewater appears in God invoke You, Mr. Rosewater; Howard W. Campbell, the American-turned-Nazi, in Mother Night; and Bertram Copeland Rumfoord is a relative of Winston Niles Rumfoord, who appears in The Sirens of Titan.\r\nThese characters that appear over a number of books connects the discrete novels as being part of a great whole; as being part of a world outside its pages. Vonnegut also blurs the lines of genre in the novel in order t o deconstruct the idea of a â€Å"war novel”. The novel swings between the genres of science fiction and a biography, and Vonnegut mixes the fantasy of aliens and the planet Tralfamadore with the reality of war, and the author’s presence and experiences of it.\r\nThe term â€Å"postmodernism” sweeps many diverse, and ostensibly unrelated, texts under its wide reaches, precisely most such texts use like postmodern techniques to achieve the ultimate effect- of making the reader aware of the text as a work of fiction, and as an entity that exists as a part of a greater whole, earlier than an object existing in a world defined by itself.\r\nIn what ways are the heroes or villains of these texts postmodern?\r\nWith the ideological, cultural, and social upheaval that was present during the time of the birth of postmodernism, a new protagonist was born, which redefined our existing notions and stereotypes about the nature of these protagonists- the antihero. del ineate as being the main character of a text, who does not possess the qualities of a traditional â€Å"hero”, the character appears in postmodern texts regularly.\r\nWith the movement of heroes away from the pass judgment â€Å"good”, we are also able to see changes in the villains of texts, and these revolutionary changes in the idea of heroes and villains, which comes down to the primal, instinctive battle between good and evil, can be seen through postmodern texts.\r\nThe character of Batman is an fantastically complex one, having heroic qualities yet not conforming to the stereotype of â€Å"superheroes”, the strong, powerful men or women with a heart of gold, using their powers for the good of mankind. Batman is postmodern in that he breaks the mold for a traditional â€Å"superhero”, and rejects the story arc for one.\r\nHis whole journey started not from a need of his to create good, but a twisted sense of strike back for his parents’ de ath, and in order to become develop his fighting skills. After his parents’ murderer is killed, Bruce Wayne transmits Gotham and disappears for 7 years, â€Å"exploring the criminal fraternity”, and training with the compact of Shadows. He obviously has a different set of morals than what is expect, when asked by Henri Ducard whether he pitied the criminals while he lived with them, he says, â€Å"The first time I stole so I wouldn’t starve, yes, I wooly many assumptions about the simple nature of right and wrong.”\r\nThe recurring idea throughout the texts containing Batman is that he is not a hero, but he is â€Å"whatever Gotham needs him to be”, he is a symbol for good, a symbol for the hope of a new, operating(a) Gotham. â€Å"As a man, I’m flesh and blood, I can be ignored, I can be destroyed, but as a symbol… precisely as a symbol I can be incorruptible, I can be everlasting…” In this way, he is astoundingly si milar to Patrick Bateman. Patrick Bateman exists not as a person, but as a blame of the smart set that he is a part of.\r\nHe is an image created to fit the standards and ideologies of the friendship he lives in. â€Å"…there is an idea of a Patrick Bateman, some kind of abstraction, but there is no real me, only an entity, something illusory, and though I can hide my cold gaze and you can shake my make pass and feel flesh gripping yours and mayhap you can even sense our lifestyles are probably comparable: I simply am not there.”\r\nthrough and through the texts, we also see that the Joker is very similar to Batman, and this is what makes their relationship so psychologically complex. They are, in a way, similar to the two sides of a coin. As the Joker says to Batman, â€Å"I staring(a) you.” The relationship between the hero and the villain is subverted and made incredibly ambiguous.\r\nJust as the Joker is a villain who does not observe even the basic rule s of misdeed by which confederacy might depict and punish him, Batman is a hero who does not observe even the basic rules of heroism so that society might recognise and glorify him. The Killing Joke ends with Batman capturing the Joker, but deciding not to kill him, and crack to help rehabilitate him, because he â€Å"needn’t be out there on the edge anymore. You needn’t be solo… peradventure I’ve been there too.\r\nMaybe I can help.” And they laugh in concert at a joke that the Joker tells him, which only rein soldierss their similarities, and the fact that they can both understand each other. The Joker, at one point in the Dark Knight, also says to Batman that they are both â€Å"freaks”. And they are, both characters being outcasts of society. But while the Joker is there willingly because of his own calculating inhumanity, Batman is the scapegoat, the reluctant outcast who takes upon himself the violence of society and its devalue d institutions, in order that its illusions of law and order might be preserved, because he rationalizes that he is â€Å"whatever Gotham needs me to be…\r\nBecause that’s what needs to happen. Because sometimes, truth isn’t good enough, sometimes people deserve more; sometimes people deserve to have their faith rewarded.” The story of Batman and the Joker is postmodern in that it subverts most of the expected story arcs of both superheroes, and supervillains. It shows that these two need each other to be effective. The Joker we see simultaneously seduces and repels, fascinates and horrifies, and he provides the inescapable force which Batman’s own persona is symbiotic upon.\r\nThe character of the Joker is also very similar to Patrick Bateman, both displaying hyperreal violence in their villainy, and being incredibly unreliable narrators. In the Killing Joke, The Joker says, â€Å"”Something like that happened to me, you know. I… Iâ⠂¬â„¢m not on the dot trustworthy what it was. Sometimes I call up it one way, sometimes another… If I’m going to have a past, I prefer it to be multiple choice! Ha ha ha!” Similarly, in American Psycho, we are unable to trust the memories of a psychopath, shown by his blank shell â€Å"But I don’t remember…” statements when recounting his murders and sexual exploits.\r\nAlso, when we find that one of Bateman’s victims, a colleague of his named Paul Owen, is genuinely alive at the end of the book, we find ourselves being sure of the entire story- his character, the plot and definitely his low-spirited tales of murder and torture. Bateman and the Joker are both psychopaths- and in some ways, they are both forces of anarchy in their societies, the Joker being an elemental force unconstrained by any glimmer of humanity, fear or vulnerability. As he claims in the Dark Knight, â€Å"The only sensible way to live in this world is witho ut rules.”\r\nMeanwhile, Bateman has no go out for people as everything in his world is purely material- he does not perplexity when he kills, as all he feels he is killing is an â€Å"Armani pantsuit”. Neither of these characters have an object nor a goal towards which they work, as Alfred, Bruce Wayne’s butler says, â€Å"Some men aren’t feeling for anything logical, like money. They can’t be bought or bullied, profound or negotiated with. Some men wish to watch the world burn.” However, while the Joker is invincible due to his absolute emancipation from pain and any other human attachment, Bateman is confined to the expectations of his status and social culture.\r\nBateman severely refers to popular culture throughout Psycho, safekeeping up a steady stream of superficial commentary on all aspects of his life. In this way, the character of Shrek is similar to Bateman, as he also lives in a world where advertising, brand names, and so cial stand up play a major part in one’s life. However, looking at the characters, they are clear opposites- while Bateman has embraced the shallow culture of his time, and practices it dutifully, the society of Shrek’s time has turned him into a hard-bitten cynic, one who would rolls his eyes whenever his companions would make a frivolous comment.\r\nThis is related to the fact that Shrek is an ogre, and the film subverts the stereotype of the ogre as a villain, by molding him as the hero, and the actual Prince Charming as the whiny, cowardly villain of the film. This challenges conventional saying, since we, the audience, have been springed to think of ogres as â€Å"evil” creatures who eat people and have no mercy. Through this film, we see that this is actually not the case; traditional villains can also become undismayed heroes, given the right setting and sidekick.\r\nBilly Pilgrim, a cowardly, weak, time-travelling optometrist who is the protagonist of the novel Slaughterhouse-Five, is an unlikely war hero. He is weak, less-traveled and distressing to the audience, and becomes a laughable soldier. level as a time traveler, he is described as a â€Å" fitful in time”. He is postmodern in the development of his character as an â€Å"anti-hero”, an ordinary, if slightly on the pathetic side of ordinary, man.\r\nThe story is driven the other the events more than the protagonist, since he is unable to be resolved and strong-minded enough to change the world, or even his social world, neither positively nor negatively. He is another unreliable narrator, when he tells the world of his tales about the Tralfamadorians, he is taken to be insane, and not believed.\r\nBecause he is such a weak character, he does not contradict the fact, but neither does he support it, and so the reader is in time unsure at the end of the novel whether his tales of Tralfamadore were true, or whether they were merely an elaborate manage m echanism to help deal with the loathsome experiences he suffered during the war.\r\nBilly Pilgrim is the ultimate postmodern hero- he is an ordinary person, who is thrust into a rocky situation, and similar to large mass of humanity, does nothing heroic or commendable. Through this, we also come to the realization that for every lauded, decorated war hero, there were hundreds of other â€Å"average” ones, and Billy Pilgrim is a improve example of one.\r\nThrough the analysis of these heroes and villains, we are able to see that postmodernism does indeed challenge the traditional notion of a clear cut hero and villain. Just as postmodernism blurs the lines of reality in texts, it also blurs the lines in our mind separating the good and the bad. Postmodernism depicts a much more realistic hero, an progressively more human one, who makes mistakes, is determined by what society makes it, and sometimes, does nothing heroic at all.\r\nHe or she is present in postmodern texts g enerally not to inspire, like a classic hero, but to make the audience realize a truth about their lives, their societies, and the world around them. Villainy is depicted as a result of something, rather than a character trait. Postmodernism claims that villains are created by the expectations of society, and are therefore, an essential part of the heroes they work against.\r\nHow did the external world influence the alternate of postmodernism?\r\nThe birth of postmodernism has been linked back to the political atmosphere of the time, in the atrocities of Stalinism. This, along with the horrors of Nazism, and the Holocaust, wholly undermined the modernist narrative of progress, and the ability of language to describe such an incomprehensible atrocity. Thus, postmodernism was born, an era which looked not to change the world, but to redefine it, to make people look at truths differently.\r\n postmodern authors reveal many of the concerns of the world today, by both realistically an d symbolically representing our world, our societies, through their texts and characters, and making commentary on them. For example, Vonnegut wrote Slaughterhouse Five as a reply to war- â€Å"It is so short and jumbled and jangled, because there is nothing intelligent to say about as massacre.”\r\nThe story is very jumbled, written satirically based on Vonnegut’s own experiences in WWII and being a witness to the firebombing of Dresden, which killed 130,000 people. The use of a pathetic protagonist indicates his anti-war stance- the novel was published in 1969, when USA was in the midst of the Vietnam War. During this time, Vonnegut was an free-spoken pacifist, and critic of the war.\r\nJust like Vonnegut’s novel is social commentary of the issue of his time, Bret Easton Ellis uses American Psycho to explore newer, more disturbing trends in Western culture. He looks at the desensitization of our culture to violence, the increasingly gory films, novels and gra phic novels we are capable to, and how this tendency of the media can find its way back to people who are easily influenced by it, such as Bateman.\r\nHe also criticizes our obsession with popular culture, image and brand names, by portraying his protagonist, a man with the double-dyed(a) face, the perfect clothes, and the perfect image, as a psychopath, a man who kills for the fun of it at night. The popular-culture-mania of our time is also explored in Shrek, as it is a children’s movie, and even children when they watch it, recognize the references to other fairytales and brand names. This reflects how we are conditioned to believe and understand popular culture from a very young age.\r\nThe story of Batman and the Joker, on the other hand, delves a little deeper into the issues of our society. They get out the crisis of values in which America, and most of the occidental world, finds itself at the beginning of the 21st coke.\r\n cultural theorists portrayed the late 20th century in terms of â€Å"the postmodern condition”: an era in which traditional values, identities and social institutions were disintegrating and being replaced by twisted narratives, contrary truth claims and multiple identities. Gotham City reflects what our society may be looking in front to, with the increasing fragmentation of our world into splintered groups and subgroups.\r\nWhere does that leave us?\r\nThe era of postmodernism is one that is difficult to define, but it still heralded as a time of immense cultural change, which redefined the way people look at the world today. This can be especially seen in its portrayal of heroes and villains. Gone are the days macho superheroes, instead we have flawed, sometimes even pathetic protagonists, the â€Å"anti-hero” which is increasingly similar to the ordinary person.\r\nThe villains, on the other hand, are unreliable, and cannot always be expected to do the â€Å"evil” thing, they too are human; th ey too have backstory which elicits humanity from the audience. By subverting the traditional stereotypes about the world today postmodern authors and directors warn us of the dangers of human nature and culture, and the bleak coming(prenominal) we may be looking forrad to, if we let the dangerous behaviour of our culture continue.\r\nBibliography\r\nAdamson, Andrew and Jenson, Vicky. (2001) Shrek, Dreamworks Pictures Accessed 11/07/12\r\nAdamson, Glen, et al. (2011) Postmodernism: Style and Subversion, 1970-1990. capital of the United Kingdom: V&A Publishing. Accessed on 26/07/12\r\nAzzarello, Brian (writer), Bermejo, Lee (artist), Gray, paddy field (illustrator).] (2008) Joker. DC Comics Accessed on 26/07/12\r\nEllis, Bret Easton. (1991) American Psycho. New York: Vintage Books. Accessed 31/08/12\r\nMoore, Alan (writer), Bolland, Brian (artist). (1988) The Killing Joke, DC Comics.\r\nNolan, Christopher. (2005) Batman Begins, Warner Bros. Pictures Accessed 14/07/12\r\nNolan , Christopher. (2008) The Dark Knight, Warner Bros. Pictures Accessed 14/07/12\r\nVonnegut, Kurt. (2003) Slaughterhouse Five. New York: Harper Collins. Accessed 26/7/12\r\nWilcox, Leonard. Programme Coordinator of American Studies at University of Canterbury, interview on 12/09/12.\r\n'

'Instagram\r'

'Introduction to enterprisership Mid terminal appellation Kevin Systrom, father and CEO of Instagram Introduction Kevin Systrom is an American entrepreneur most known as CEO and fo to a lower place of Instagram, the most popular worldwide sharing application. This program has 85 million users and 4 billion pictures were shared. So what sheds it so special? It is a combination of estrus for photography and weal to make it easy and compact adequate for e real hotshot by unspoilt using your peregrine. Kevin says â€Å"It’s one affaire to share the photo yet whatever other for that photo to bet gorgeous and be something you would wish to keep forever. ”(Systrom,2012)The reason why I reconcile to report Kevin Systrom is in my opinion he gos the topper standard how great caprice can be transformed into favored troupe in very limited amount of time. Second aft(prenominal) complete my research I realized that innovation do by him would hand huge influe nce on social network in future. Last but not least his set of mind, values and in the flesh(predicate) characteristics fulfill my vision of perfect entrepreneurial set of mind. Entrepreneurial path and mind-set Kevin Systrom was interested in entrepreneurship from very young age; his mother utilize to work for a monster. com back than and presently is an employee of fasten Car.Since that time technology was exiting for him, he took decision to go to private school that was an hour drive out in assure to payoff computer information classes, as he considered them fun and reus open. With the age of 12 he found the musical mode to block his consort cursors and knock them offline. In his free time Kevin was creating networksites for his friends and classmates, an example can be PhotoBox maked in dress to denounce pictures from latest keg party. He apply to Stanford with the end to study computer science, but after taking the first course in advance program he realize d it was probably not a in force(p) thing for him.He used to spend 40 hours per week studying it and could barely jerk off B. So he switched to management science. He says, â€Å"It basically taught me how to be an couchment banker. ”(Systrom,2012) What authentically stands out for me is Kevin,he is genuinely reach minded and ready to explore new things. He is eternally looking for opportunity to get some wel begin evening if it doesn’t seem applic open at the moment he believes it can be useful in long-term perspective as long as you do intellectual activities. During his subordinate familys in Stanford he went to Florence, Italy in order to study Photography.Combing this consume with his technological background helped him to attain open platform for optical media, which deducted such a success. Being in Florence he also applied for a program created for young entrepreneurs, the core idea of it put students in groups of 12 state and paired them with s uccessful entrepreneurs in order to share experience around structure of deals, fundraising and recruitment of people. The program’s co-director, Tina Seelig, says, â€Å"Systrom stood out as an obvious ­entrepreneur, he was al directions building thingsâ€always experimenting.It was in his nature to be looking at the world through the genus Lens of ‘Where’s the opportunity here? ’” (Bertani, 2012) He finished his first summer internship at Odeo (that would later create Twitter), it was where he realized that he wanted to beat and entrepreneur and got the first real feel of it. During this internship an classic contact was made, he was works in a pair with Jack Dorsey, later the creator of Twitter. In future he will help Instagram to gain that popularity. Once Systrom was hired for a project handler position at Google.After about a year working thither he realized his aridity for a part up. Soon after he came up with the idea of Instagr am, called Burbn back than. In bechance 2010 Stanford education and his expertness to communicate helped him to make pay connections for the future. It is important to visualise people, communicate and keep in touch, that what in the end really makes difference. Steve Anderson, whom he met during his VC meet ups, got interested in his idea and agreed to invest $250,000 needed to start the telephoner with the only condition, he wanted Systrom to bring in cofounder.He contacted Mike Krieger, some other Stanford graduate with a majored degree in symbolical system, and proposed to join Burbn as cofounder. Mike got interested in this offer. It was the first check in service of process that he actually liked, so he accepted the offer. Systrom was able to identify a gap in a market place; it was obdurate to create photo- only, mobile- ground service. He says, â€Å"It was an opportunity to create a new reference of service, a social network that wasn’t establish on a comp uter but computer in your hands”(Systrom,2012) His creativity and ability to come up with not obvious decision were decisive for the lodge development.Once during his holi mean solar days in Mexico, his girlfriend told him she wanted her pictures to look as beautiful as pictures of their friend, who was a buffer of photography and used variant filters. It was a prove where Kevin realized what Instagram was missing and spent the rest of the day working on this idea. Not long after first filter was added to program features and users loved. It helped to make even average mobile picture special. On the sixth of October 2010 Instagram became available in apple app, over the wickedness it was downloaded by 25,000 users.With a help of Adam D’Angelo, whom he knew from flat party in Stanford they managed to get on Amazon com servers. In a bill of month 1 million users were using Instagram on regular bases. In April this year Mark Zuckenberg offered to obtain Instagram fo r $1 billion, with Systrom’s skake of 40% or $ cd million. It is quite shocking as Instagram is a company with zero revenue and only 14 employees, until now Facebook is highly interested in a mobile platform with 85 millions users. â€Å"This is the first thing I’ve seen that feels like it’s truly native to mobile,” says insipid Cohler, the former VP of product management at Facebook. Bertani, 2012) It was decided that even after buying out, Kevin Systrom would run Instagram independently. The company is at the beginning stage of its growth. It’s currently working only with AOS, but Android and web will also be considered in future. chastening and actions As company activities are based on innovation the risk of is failure is quite high. there is a myth that successful startups based on single great idea Kevin however claims that there are only couple that entered and ended up doing just same thing.Idea is not something you can just wake up one day with, you gather in to take steps, find declarations and solve problems in order to create something valuable. In fact the idea of Instagram is based on another application created by Systrom, called Burbn. It was really simple and basic with only four different tabs, created as check in service, the innovative thing about it was like no other service Burbn gave people an option to attach their photos together with a location. It was discovered users are not checking in that untold however they love to share their pictures.Burbn didn’t mother successful. It was too hard to explain to people foreign their friend group. Kevin and his team even joked that it didn’t pass the Bar test, meaning the idea was not distinctly enough to be explained in a rackety bar. It is important to present your product to customer as quickly as possible; it is a double mistake to wait for too long. The â€Å"right way to fail” is to fail early and often, in this way you t ake in’t waste your recourses and you are able to identify if the direction in which you are working is right to fulfill people’s needs.Kevin believes that it’s totally linguistic rule to fail in the organization. also-ran is required in order for right solution to be found. When Burbn was presented to people it turned out to be most Eye opening experience and he realized the idea has to be refined. The company was perpetually failing with Burbn, so based on this experience the idea was changed. The check in was demoted and photos were promoted, in a new program (Instagram) you start with a photo and then optionally you can add a location and it turn out to make a huge difference.During the process of development filters were added and it was a fork through for Instagram, as they realized they want to make photos best for people. Kevin states, â€Å"We were thinking how to encourage people to take more photos and we realized we want their photos to look be tter”. (Systrom,2012) Motivation The main drive and motivation for Kevin Systrom is a strong belief in what he is doing. The company Instagram didn’t want to build just a fun application, what it is aiming for is an application that solves problems and making people’s life better.The idea of Instagram in long term is a program that helps you to explore the world, your way to get news and experience events you were not able to attend. The ability to tune in any place in the world and see what is going on. They want to depart world-changing company. It is first truly International network, as you don’t need to speak the same voice communication in order to communicate through visual media. The obsession with his idea is highly beneficial for the company. As entrepreneur he works all the time, sometimes he skips birthday parties and has luck of sleep in order to solve the problem that may appear.He is exited about what he is doing and always looking for sol utions and ways how to give world something it was asking for during a long flow rate of time. Conclusion The goal of this report was to research and canvass the entrepreneurial path of Kevin Systrom. And to find an answer what is a key to his success. Through the report I have learnt few important lessons that can be useful for my future career. The first of them is you can fail in order to find the right answer, it is completely normal to make mistakes, what is more important is to be able to find solutions and ways to improve.Usually the idea you will start with it’s not going to be exactly the same with your final idea. Second thing that I would like to keep in mind after finishing this report is its importance to hire right people. With the example of Instagram we can see that 14 really talented people can run a company in such a successful way. As well it is critical to find people who share passion for what you are doing.Reference Bertoni, S. (2012, August, 01). Inst agrams Kevin Systrom: The Stanford Billionaire Machine Strikes Again. Retrieved October,10,2012, from http://www. forbes. com/sites/stevenbertoni/2012/08/01/instagrams-kevin-systrom-the-stanford-millionaire-machine-strikes-again/4/ Kevin Systrom,Mike Krieger (2011,May 11). From Stanford to Startup [Video file] [Video file]. Retrieved October 10,2012, from http://ecorner. stanford. edu/authorMaterialInfo. html? mid=2735 Noer, M. (n. d. ). 30 under 30 [Video file] [Video file]. Retrieved from http://video. forbes. com/fvn/30-under-30/30-under-30-kevin-systrom/\r\n'