Saturday, May 18, 2019

Midtermquestion obesity

Generally, much of the blame for fleshinesss widespread existence in Western purchase order is placed upon poor lifestyle. In the case of the former, the change magnitude pervasiveness of a sedentary lifestyle, characterized by long periods of inactivity (such as sitting in an office) with little to no exercise, in addition to a decreasing amount of leisure time being spent on physical activity, as strange to video games and television viewing. (Bleich, et. al., 2007)In the case of the latter, all over-eating remains a problem, despite advances in nutritional awareness. Additionally, the increasing reliance on fast-food meals, with their energy dense composition, hand quadrupled the calorie intake of the average American over the period between 1977 and 1995. (Lin, et. al., 1999)Genetics also play a part in the reading of corpulency. pleonastic calorie intake and how it translates into organic structure bulk is affected by various factors such as the genes which govern me tabolism, appetite and adipokine. Additionally, at that place are various genetic conditions that have been identified as symptomatized by obesity (e.g. Bardet-Biedl syndrome, leptin receptor mutations and MOMO syndrome). Farooqi & ORahilly (2006) have also noted that obesity has a hereditary component.Chakravarthy & Booth (2004) have also theorized that certain ethnicities may be more prone to obesity, as an evolutionary means of winning advantage of abundance in between long periods of food scarcity. As such, the genetic disposition towards obesity is an advantage in surviving famine, but a maladaptive trait in a society with food stability.Obesity may also be affected by medical illnesses such as Cushings syndrome, growth hormone deficiency and hypothyroidism. The treatment of some illnesses may also lead to fluctuations in weight, as a side effect of medication taken (e.g. antipsychotics, fertility meds). Quitting smoking has also been recognise as a cause of moderate weight gain, due to the resulting loss of appetite suppression. Also, some psychological disorders such as bulimia or binge disorders offer direct risks of obesity.The mechanisms of neurobiology also contribute to the development of obesity. In addition to leptin (which regulates the intake and expenditure of energy) substances such as ghrelin (which regulates short-term appetite) are linked with the concern of obesity. (Flier, 2004). Other such substances include adiponectin which regulates glucose, cholecystokinin which stimulates the digestion of fat and protein, and PYY 3-36 which responds to food intake by reducing appetite.Finally, social determinants contribute to obesity by significantly affecting the habits formed that contribute to obesity. In a 2004 study, it was noted that there was an inverse correlation between wealth and obesity, suggesting that lower income individuals rely on cheaper fast food for nourishment. (Zagorsky, 2004). Also, a 2007 study followed more than 32,50 0 individuals over a span of 32 years and found that changes in body mass of friends, and siblings were reliable predictors of changes in subjects, regardless of geographical distance, suggesting that the acceptance of ones body mass has an influence on changes in body size. (Christakis & Fowler, 2007) REFERENCESBleich, S., Cutler, D., Murray, C. & Adams, A. (2007) Why Is The Developed World Obese?. Annual criticism of Public Health, Volume 29. Retrieved May 5, 2008 from http//www.nber.org/papers/w12954.pdfLin, B.H., Guthrie, J. & Frazao E. (1999) Nutrient contribution of food away from home. In Frazao, E. (Ed). Americas Eating Habits Changes and Consequences. Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 750, US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Washington, DC, pp. 213239.Farooqi, S., ORahilly, S. (2006) Genetics of obesity in humans. Endocrine Review, Volume 27.Chakravarthy, M.V., Booth, F.W. (2004). Eating, exercise, and thrifty genotypes connecting the dots toward an evolutionary understanding of modern degenerative diseases. Journal of Applied Physiology, Volume 96.Flier, J.S. (2004). Obesity wars molecular progress confronts an expanding epidemic. Cell, Volume 116, Issue 2, pp. 337-350.Zagorsky, J.L. (2004) Is Obesity as Dangerous to Your Wealth as to Your Health? Res Aging Volume 26, pp. 130-152.Christakis, N.A., Fowler, J.H. (2007) The Spread of Obesity in a Large Social Network over 32 Years.

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